Routing: the process of selecting paths in a net along which to send the traffic. Global link-state algorithm each node knows every other node Decentralized distance-vector algorithm each node knows only its neighbors Heirarchical regions a node knows about its neighboring nodes and other regions Delivery Semantics unicast one node to one node broadcast one node to all others multicast one node to a group of nodes anycast etc basic http authentication protocol- computing convention or standard that enables the connection between two endpoints. politics rules which guide how activities are performed - ie diplomacy components of protocol agreement between nodes via contract interface or implementation encoding the process of transforming information from one format to another transmitting sending packets across edges decoding a complementary process to encoding layers of internet application http smtp ftp 'the web' responsible for preserving the content of the data no concern for establishing network connections nor sending data between connections transport tcp Transmission Control Protocol concerned with two endpoints, not with routing error-checking, redundancy makes sure the data arrives at its destination correctly responsible to resend data if t gets lost "are you still there?" udp User Datagram Protocol no implicit handshake packets may be dropped, arrive out of order, duplicated, etc internet ip actual movement of data from one place to another no interest in content or lost data responsible for routing fragmentation may occur across nodes lower-level transmissions as data moves across the internet link hardware cat-5/6, optical source ---(data)---> target TCP connection establishment 1. a ---SYNchronize--> b "hello" packet's SYN flag = 1 sequence number = random value x 2. b ---ACK-SYN---> a "Hi how are you?" packet contains value x+1 initiates return session sequence number = random value y 3. a ---ACKnowledge---> b "I'm fine, thanks. Wanna fuck?" next local sequence number x + 1 next remote sequence number y + 1 3-part handshake tcp -- data part ip -- source and target tcp is robust udp does not check for errors light good for streaming SWARM birds fish limited visibility angle & distance match heading match speed avoid collisions ants when food is found, leave a trace back to home each ant follows and leaves a trace after a while a highway is formed organism behavior individual "who am i?" group "who are you?" environment "where are we?" 'JavaAntz' ant foraging simulator build paths to food Craig Reynolds Boids collision avoidance velocity matching flock centering artificial life simulation of organic processes life as abstract phenomenon demuxed from its physical substrate what does this acheive? what does this represent? when bots attack (2007) Catalogtree and Systemantics distributed denial of service attack imagined scenario of DDoS attack, china -> usa multiple indivduated units it is almost impossible to determine the source of such an attack relationality critique of a self-organized system in political realm tension between pattern and purpose teleology vs form tension between collectivity and connectivity engagement strategies conflict vs comfort zone aesthetic pleasure vs pain virtual vs physical platform body language interactive vs dynamic medium interactive - known end-states "authoritarian" relationship creator positioned as center of heirarchy dynamic - unknown end-states "egalitarian" relationship blurred boundaries, heirarchy negotiable Eduardo Kac teleporting an unknown state Domestic Tension - the idea cyberhunt- texas an online hunting game that simulates the experience of hunting deer carcasses are packed and shipped to the user if any are shot webcam + mechanical gun configuration tied to website Night of Bush Capturing quest for saddam a video game which depicts the Iraq war 1st person shooter perspective of US forces Iraqis depicted as monolithic NoBC an inversion of the game perspective of a suicide bomber user is allowed to embody the other US depicted as monolithic Notation as Protocol notation - instructions / tools for realizing an experience - an artifact composition performance notes context in life of composer genre must be decoded realization - generating an experience from a notation - an action performer's relationship to composer, composition, audience encompasses a kind of acting realities of performance space "aura" cannon experience - ineffable notation points to the space of 'legal' realizations uncountably many notation relates to, but is not, a realization of the same idea demuxed from each other makes transmission possible a notation can be an action- oral history solkattu a realization can be an artifact- musique concrete 'pop' musics realization can be equivalent to its notation concrete poetry score as encoding allows for multiple decoded forms the idea lives on (...if it has legs) how do we communicate the 'source' of the idea? retrofit scores - distilation from experience the inherrent collaboration between experiencer, realizer, notator topology Paul Baran, Rand Corp. 1964 - On Distributed Communications centralized one central node with many secondary nodes decentralized many central nodes with branches connecting to other central nodes and end nodes ie airports distributed all connected, no central nodes ie us highways Routing core-periphery small world milgram- separate clusters with a few bridges between them scale-free barabasi- connectivity drops off following an exponential curve long tail power law distribution curve centrality degree centrality indegree connections coming in outdegree connections going out betweenness centrality closeness centrality density = edges / nodes*(nodes-1) / Distance shortest path distance = number of hops * cost to hop (physical distance, energy, transmission speed, etc) Olia Lialina 1998 Will-n-Testament will.teleportacia.org dijkstra's algorithm solves single-source shortest path Betweenness centrality nodes that occur on many shortest paths between other nodes have higher betweenness than those that do not broker role contolling what flows / does not flow bottleneck. closeness centrality less jumps to get to every other node means more closeness transivity for three nodes, if there are bidirectional edges heuristic Sanction of the Victim - 2008 Ann Raynd: "the willingness of the good to suffer at the hands of the evil, to accept the role of sacrificial victim for the 'sin' of creating values." two behaviours on one topology (fully connected) 1) a flocking simulation that occurs both within the individual computers and among them a) Boyds algorithm plus collisions b) frequency / phase of pulse trains 2) a distributed denial of service DDoS attack on the router a) exponential usage of resources b) exposes inconsistencies across network udp network "democratic" flocking sim "anarchic" DDoS attack a sonification of itself udp as form and content simultaneously not a transparent medium both figure and ground notating Sanction of the Victim as a 'meta-score' distilation into an event "play silences of various durations. if you make a sound, you have made a mistake. make mistakes" realizations of this score include this vocal piece solo for amplified window notating as 'infra-score' focus on realization as artifact notate the specifics of one area what are the blemishes? the application to 'spirit of the piece', etc, may be disregarded branches of interpretation